The number is the diameter of the tube in eighths of an inch.
ex. T8 = 1" dia.
T12 = 1.5" dia.
For regular T12's the wattage is 5/6 of the length in inches. ex. 48"=40w
Here's a link to some info
http://members.misty.com/don/f-lamp.html
I think aquarium NO's usually have waterproof endcaps but you can buy those seperately.